Linux: Formatting and mounting a block storage device

Introduction

In this tutorial you will learn how to format and mount a block storage device in Linux and how to add it to the fstab file. Formatting the device will include creating a new partition and adding a file system.

Storage device

Storage devices are basically extra storage that can be used as an addition to the storage of a server. A Hetzner Cloud Volume is one example. The storage device has to be mounted on an empty directory in the directory tree of the server. All data saved in this directory, also referred to as the mount point of the storage device, is saved and stored on the device. This means that a storage device is a separate storage that can be accessed from the directory tree of the server.

The storage device needs to be formatted before it can be mounted in the directory tree. This includes creating a file system to enable saving and deleting data on the device. In fact, it is actually this file system that is later mounted in the directory tree of the server.

In general, mounting a new device can be summarized as follows:

1. Every new device gets a name (by alphabet) and a device file in /dev.
2. Every device needs a file system. It is not possible to save or delete data on a device without a file system.
3. The file system of the device has to be mounted on an existing directory in the directory tree of the server. All data within this directory is saved on the storage device. It is recommended to use /mnt for a manual mount by the user and /media for an automatic mount by the system.

Hetzner Cloud offers a solution to skip these steps and to access the storage device directly. For this, you will need a cloud server with an operating system that is supported by Hetzner and a Cloud Volume. The Cloud Volume comes with the option to be formatted and mounted automatically when it gets attached to the server.

Prerequisites

• Basic knowledge about servers
• Access to the root user or a user with sudo permissions
• CLI tool
• This tutorial uses Ubuntu 22.04/24.04, however this should also work on other Linux systems.

Warning: The commands below in steps 1, 2 and 3 may destroy existing data on the device.

Example terminology

• Mount point: /mnt/device-mountpoint
• Device name: sdb
• Partition name: sdb1
• Label: mylabel

Please replace /mnt/device-mountpoint with an own mount point, sdb/sdb1 with the name of your device/partition and mylabel with your own label in all example commands.

Step 1 - Identifying the new device

To use the storage of your device, you first have to mount it on an empty directory in the directory tree of the server. In order to format the device accordingly, you will need its name and a root user or a user with sudo permissions. Connect to your server and use the lsblk command to list all devices.

Note that the device name is not fixed and that it can change, for example if you remove and readd the device. Before making changes to a device, you should always check if the name has changed. If you simply use the name it had in the session before, you'll might accidentally make changes to another device.

lsblk

Output:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0   55G  0 disk
└─sda1   8:1    0   55G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0   10G  0 disk
sr0     11:0    1 1024M  0 rom

• NAME: In Linux, all block storage devices begin with sd, which is short for SCSI disk. And this is short for Small Computer System Interface disk. The third letter is used to name all devices following the alphabet. The name can change, for example if you remove and readd the device. If your storage device is the last device you attached to your server, it is very likely that it will also be last in this table.

• SIZE: This is the total storage of a device. If you know the storage capacity of your device, you can use this information to identify it.

• TYPE: One disk is one device. Each device can be divided into several units, called partitions. Partitions have the same name as the device they are on, plus an additional digit. A new Hetzner Cloud Volume, for example, is a disk and does not have any partitions.

• MOUNTPOINT: This is the directory on which the device has been mounted. In this directory, you can access your device and store data on it. Devices that have not been formatted and mounted yet, do not have a MOUNTPOINT.

Use this information to identify your device and to get its name.

In all commands that follow, sdb will be used as an example name for the device. Please replace this name with the actual name of your device.

Now that you know the name of your device, you can format it.

Step 2 - Creating a partition

Generally, it would be enough to create a file system on the device before mounting it. However, some operating systems expect there to be a partition table, even if it only lists a single partition. Partitioning the disk now, also makes it easier to create more partitions in the future. In most cases, the device can also be used without a partition, so this step is optional and can be skipped.

One device equals to one disk. You can either create one file system for the entire disk to store data on the device in general, or you can split the disk into several units, called partitions. Then, each partition gets its own file system, its own mount point and can be used for a different purpose. This means that a partition is basically a fraction of the disk that is treated like a separate device.

Details on the partitions are given in a specific format in the partition table. Two common partition table formats are MBR (Master Boot Record) and GPT (GUID Partition Table). MBR has been available for over 30 years, which is why this format imposes some limitations. But it is also supported by older operating systems. GPT is newer than MBR and offers some improvements in comparison to the other format.

The format of the partition table needs to be set in order to create a partition. You can use the fdisk command to check if and which table format is used on your device:

sudo fdisk -l /dev/sdb

Please note that this is not -1 but -L in lower case, which stands for --list.

Output:

Disk /dev/sdb: 10 GiB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Disk model: Volume
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt

The line Disklabel type indicates the format used. If this line is missing, it means that no partition table format has yet been set for your device.

To create a partition, you can use parted. On most servers, you should be able to use this command.

• If you do not have parted, you can install it with these commands:

  Ubuntu and Debian:

  sudo apt-get update

  sudo apt-get install parted

  CentOS and Fedora:

  sudo yum install parted

Use this command to set the partition table format to GPT:

sudo parted /dev/sdb mklabel gpt

Please replace sdb in /dev/sdb with the actual name of your device. If you prefer MBR, you can replace gpt with msdos.

Once the partition table format is set, you can create the first partition. Use the following command to create a single partition that spans the entire storage of the device:

sudo parted -a opt /dev/sdb mkpart primary ext4 0% 100%

Please replace sdb in /dev/sdb with the actual name of your device.

Now check if the command worked:

lsblk

Output:

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0   55G  0 disk
└─sda1   8:1    0   55G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0   10G  0 disk
└─sdb1   8:17   0   10G  0 part
sr0     11:0    1 1024M  0 rom

In this example, the partition sdb1 has been created on disk sdb.

Step 3 - Creating the file system

Next, you can create the file system. It organizes the way files are stored. It is not possible to store, edit or delete files without a file system. Known file systems are ext4 and xfs, for example.

When creating a file system, you can use the option -L to add a label to your partition. This helps to distinguish several partitions.

sudo mkfs.ext4 -L mylabel /dev/sdb1

Please replace mylabel with an own label and sdb1 in /dev/sdb1 with the actual name of your device or partition. The name of a partition ends with a digit, the name of a disk does not.

Now, list all block devices and partitions along with their file system and label to see if the command above worked properly:

sudo lsblk -o NAME,FSTYPE,LABEL

To get more information about the file system itself, such as the file system UUID, you can use dume2fs:

sudo dumpe2fs -h /dev/sdb1

Please replace sdb1 in /dev/sdb1 with the actual name of your device or partition.

Step 4 - Mounting the device

Mounting means to assign the file system of the storage device or partition to a specific directory in the directory tree of the server. All data within this directory is saved on the device/partition. In step 3 it was explained how to create this file system. Before mounting, you should know the following directories/files:

• /media
• /mnt
• /dev
• /etc/fstab

The media directory is recommended for mounting removable media (e.g. USB drives). Basically, this directory is used by the system to automatically mount removable devices.

The mnt directory is recommended for mounting storage devices (e.g. Hetzner Cloud Volume). Basically, this directory is used by the user to manually mount storage devices.

The dev directory contains device files. In Linux, everything is seen as a file, even devices. The device file itself is not an ordinary file but an interface to the device. This directory cannot be used to save data on the storage device.

The fstab file contains a list of storage devices and partitions that have to be mounted. This list also includes additional information that is needed for mounting, such as the file system, the mount point, the file system type and mounting options. The system uses the information in this file at a reboot to automatically mount all file systems in the table. Storage devices that are not in this file, need to be mounted manually after every reboot. New devices are not automatically included in this list. But it is possible to add the device manually.

Step 4.1 - Creating a new directory

As already mentioned, the /media directory can be used by the system to automatically mount removable devices and the mnt directory can be used by the user to manually mount storage devices. This is only a recommendation, and you can always choose an own directory. However, you should mount the file system of your device or partition on an empty directory. If you did mount your file system on a directory with data, it would not be possible to access this data until the file system is unmounted again. Also, if you mount file system 2 on a directory on which file system 1 is already mounted on, you will no longer be able to access the data from file system 1 until file system 2 is unmounted again. The best way is to create a new directory in /mnt and to use this as the new mount point. In the next example command and in all the following commands, the file system of the device/partition will be mounted on the new directory device-mountpoint in /mnt.

Open the directory to your mount point:

cd /mnt

Please replace /mnt with the directory you want to use.

Create a new directory as the mount point for your device/partition:

sudo mkdir device-mountpoint

Please replace /mnt/device-mountpoint with an own directory name. Choose a name that describes your device/partition. This will help to distinguish your devices/partitions later on.

Step 4.2 - Mounting the device

For this session, you will have to mount the file system of your device or partition manually. If you add the file system and its mount point to the fstab file, the system will automatically mount your device or partition at every reboot. This step is optional and will be explained later in the tutorial.

Use the following command to mount the file system on the directory you just created:

sudo mount -o defaults /dev/sdb1 /mnt/device-mountpoint

Please replace /mnt/device-mountpoint with your own mount point.

After the command has been executed, you can check if the device/partition has been mounted properly to the directory tree of the server. You can list all mounted file systems or search for a specific file system with findmnt. Use this command to get the file system that has been mounted on your new directory:

findmnt /mnt/device-mountpoint

Please replace /mnt/device-mountpoint with your own mount point.

If everything worked properly, it should now indicate the name of your device/partition as SOURCE:

TARGET                 SOURCE    FSTYPE OPTIONS
/mnt/device-mountpoint /dev/sdb1 ext4   rw,relatime

Alternatively, you can also use lsblk from step 1 to list all storage devices. This time, your device/partition should also have a MOUNTPOINT.

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0   55G  0 disk
└─sda1   8:1    0   55G  0 part /
sdb      8:16   0   10G  0 disk
└─sdb1   8:17   0   10G  0 part /mnt/device-mountpoint
sr0     11:0    1 1024M  0 rom

Your device/partition is now mounted to the existing directory tree of the server and the new directory can now be used to store data on the additional storage device.

The command to manually mount the file system of the device/partition has to include all the information needed for mounting. This information can be dropped if it is permanently added to the fstab file. Storage devices that are listed in the fstab file with the mounting option noauto are skipped at a reboot and not mounted automatically. Storage devices or partitions with an entry like this can be mounted with a simple command while the system gets all the other information from the fstab file.

• Command to manually mount a storage device without an fstab entry:

  sudo mount -o defaults /dev/<name> /mnt/<mountpoint>

• Command to manually mount a storage device with an fstab entry:

  sudo mount /mnt/<mountpoint>

Step 4.3 - Creating an fstab entry

The fstab file contains file systems and all related mounting options. Each partition on a device has its own file system. Storage devices that do not have any partitions only have one file system. All file systems of any device or partition that are listed in /etc/fstab are automatically mounted at a reboot. File systems with the option noauto are an exception. These are skipped and not mounted. This option can be added for file systems you want to mount manually. For a manual mount, any information needed for mounting is taken from the table in the fstab file and does not need to be included in the command itself. New file systems are not added automatically to this file. The following step will therefore explain how to do it manually. But first, it helps to understand the structure of the fstab file.

Entries to a storage device or a partition have this format:

<file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>

First, is the file system that will be mounted. A device without partitions only has one file system. A device with partitions has one file system for each partition.

The mountpoint is the directory that will be used to access the device or partition. For this, we created a new directory in step 2.

Type gives the type of the file system created on the device or partition. Well known file systems are ext4 and xfs, for example.

Options set the rules for mounting a file system on a directory in the existing directory tree. Following options are used in this tutorial:

• default: The file system will be mounted with the options rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser and async. These settings include that data on the device or partition can not only be read but also be written. And it includes that only root can mount and unmount the file system.
• nofail: If the system cannot mount one of the file systems, it will skip this particular device/partition once and the reboot will continue.
• noauto: These file systems are skipped at every reboot and they are never mounted by the system.

Dump enables backups. If it is set to 0, there will be no backups of the device/partition. If it is set to 1, there will be backups of the device/partition. Often, dump is not automatically installed and should be set to 0.

Pass specifies the order in which the devices/partitions are checked at reboot by fsck. If it is set to 0, the file system will not be checked, if it is set to 2, the file system will be checked. If it is set to 1, the file system will be checked first and has the highest priority. The file system of root should be set to 1. All other file systems that you would like to be checked can be set to 2.

Up until now, it was enough to use the directory of the device file to specify the device or partition that we would like to mount. This works fine for mounting a file system once, but the name is not fixed and can be different after a reboot. To ensure that the mounting options in the fstab file are applied to the correct file system, it is best to identify the file system by something that does not change. You can use the UUID, a unique and fixed ID that every file system gets assigned at creation.

There is also a unique and fixed ID of the storage device or partition itself. The ID of the device/partition can be used alternatively to the UUID.

ID and UUID are in/dev/disk/by-id and /dev/disk/by-uuid and link directly to the corresponding device file. The path of the ID (/dev/disk/by-id/<id>) or UUID (/dev/disk/by-uuid/<UUID>) is used as the identifier in the fstab file.

• Option 1:
  You can use lsblk to list all file systems with their name, mount point and UUID. Step 1 explained how to get the name of the device or partition. You can use this information now to determine which line refers to yours.

  sudo lsblk -o NAME,LABEL,UUID,MOUNTPOINT

• Option 2:
  You can use blkid to list all devices and partitions with their /dev entry, their UUID and their label, if they have any.

  sudo blkid

  Output:

  /dev/sdb1: LABEL="datapartition" UUID="a12b3cde-a12b-3cde-a12b-3cdea12b3cde" TYPE="ext4" PARTLABEL="primary" PARTUUID="df20f337-9640-43cc-9b6c-bda0c8538863"

• Option 3:
  An ID belongs to a storage device or a partition. You can find the ID under /dev/disk.

  ls -al /dev/disk/by-id

  At the end of the line, the output will include the name of the device or partition.

Once you know the ID of your device/partition or the UUID of your file system, you can add your device/partition to the fstab file. The example below will create a new entry for a file system that will be mounted automatically at every reboot. If you would prefer to mount it manually, you will have to add the option noauto to the options in the command below (nofail,defaults,noauto).

sudo cp -v /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.backup
echo "/dev/disk/by-uuid/a12b3cde-a12b-3cde-a12b-3cdea12b3cde /mnt/device-mountpoint ext4 nofail,defaults 0 0"  | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab

Please replace /dev/disk/by-uuid/a12b3cde-a12b-3cde-a12b-3cdea12b3cde with your own ID or UUI and /mnt/device-mountpoint with your own mount point. The text in quotes will be added as a new line to the fstab file.

Open the fstab file to see if the command was executed properly and if the mount point has been added to the list.

tail -n 1 /etc/fstab
cat /etc/fstab

If the final line is now your device/partition, it means that the command was executed properly.

If you added your device/partition without the option noauto to the fstab file, your file system will now automatically be mounted at every reboot.

If you added your device/partition with the option noauto to the fstab file, you will have to mount your file system manually after every reboot. Now that the mounting information is saved in the fstab file, it is enough to use the command mount <mountpoint>. The command for the example used in this tutorial would look like this: mount /mnt/device-mountpoint.

Step 5 - Unmounting the device and editing the fstab file

The storage device can only be unmounted by the user who also mounted it unless the owner has been changed. You can use umount to unmount the storage device from the directory. Please note that this command does not begin with un.

You can specify the device by either using its name or the mount point. There should be no running actions on the device or partition before unmounting it, so there should not be any open files or anything similar.

sudo umount /dev/sdb1

or

sudo umount /mnt/device-mountpoint

Please replace sdb1 or /mnt/device-mountpoint with your own name or directory.

Entries in the fstab file are not deleted automatically. To delete or edit an entry in the fstab file, you can use nano. Before making any changes, you should create a backup of the file.

sudo cp -v /etc/fstab /etc/fstab.backup

sudo nano /etc/fstab

Conclusion

In the previous steps you learned how to get the name of your device, create a partition, create a file system, mount the device/partition and add the file system to the fstab file. Next, you can use the tutorial on storing data on a block storage device to change permissions, for example.

License: MIT